Jha, M. N., Bamburg, J. R., Bernstein, B. W. and Bedford, J. S. Caffeine Eliminates Gamma-Ray-Induced G₂-Phase Delay in Human Tumor Cells but Not in Normal Cells. Radiat. Res. 157, 26–31 (2002).

It has been known for many years that caffeine reduces or eliminates the G₂-phase cell cycle delay normally seen in human HeLa cells or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells after exposure to X or γ rays. In light of our recent demonstration of a consistent difference between human normal and tumor cells in a G₂-phase checkpoint response in the presence of microtubule-active drugs, we examined the effect of caffeine on the G₂-phase delays after exposure to γ rays for cells of three human normal cell lines (GM2149, GM4626, AG1522) and three human tumor cell lines (HeLa, MCF7, OVGI). The G₂-phase delays after a dose of 1 Gy were similar for all six cell lines. In agreement with the above-mentioned reports for HeLa and CHO cells, we also observed that the G₂-phase delays were eliminated by caffeine in the tumor cell lines. In sharp contrast, caffeine did not eliminate or even reduce the γ-ray-induced G₂-phase delays in any of the human normal cell lines. Since caffeine has several effects in cells, including the inhibition of cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterases, as well as causing a release of Ca from intracellular stores, we evaluated the effects of other drugs affecting these processes on radiation-induced G₂-phase delays in the tumor cell lines. Drugs that inhibit cAMP or cGMP phosphodiesterases did not eliminate the radiation-induced G₂-phase delay either separately or in combination. The ability of caffeine to eliminate radiation-induced G₂-phase delay was, however, partially reduced by ryanodine and eliminated by thapsigargin, both of which can modulate intracellular calcium, but by different mechanisms. To determine if caffeine was acting through the release of calcium from intracellular stores, calcium was monitored in living cells using a fluorescent calcium indicator, furaII, before and after the addition of caffeine. No calcium release was seen after the addition of caffeine in either OVGI tumor cells or GM2149 normal cells, even though a large calcium release was measured in parallel experiments with ciliary neurons. Thus it is likely that caffeine is eliminating the radiation-induced G₂-phase delay through a Ca -independent mechanism, such as the inhibition of a cell cycle-regulating kinase.